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Palm trees of the Mascareignes archipelago

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By Jean-Jacques Segalen (jjacques)
September 7, 2008
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Views: 1,089

Palm trees have a quite special look and immediately make people think of the tropics even if some species grow in temperate areas. The Mascareignes archipelago has its share, including a few endemic species.

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ImagePalm trees number some 2700 species worldwide and are often enjoyed for the delicacy of their leaves, the palms. Many are also grown for food, and the apex (also known as palm heart) of several species is edible. But the best known and most widely eaten is the fruit of Coco nucifera, the coconut tree, used either out of hand after breaking the wooden shell or grating it and extracting the milk. Commercial coconuts orchards also produce copra, which will be turned into oil. We could rave on for a long time about the numerous uses of coconut trees but though it is found on the shores of all island of the archipelago we will here concentrate more on species particular to the area.

An endemic species is a plant that can be found growing naturally in a specific area where it has evolved over time. Reunion, Mauritius and Rodriguez islands which all three make the Mascareignes archipelago have several endemic palm trees. So although several of them are now grown in various tropical locations because of prized aesthetic features they would be found growing wild only on those islands. As a matter of fact the ones you may encounter while roaming the islands are very few and have all in common the fact that they are not edible...Two species (Dictyosperma album and Acanthophoenix rubra) were massively growing on both Reunion and Mauritius before men settled there in the 18th century and soon discovered that both species produced a delicious palm heart locally known as ‘chou palmiste' (palm cabbage). Of course all the available trees have been felled for food and are nowadays to be found only in private gardens and orchards, Acanthophoenix rubra being especially prized if even victim to poachers who enter plantations. Image

So let us get back to our endemic palms trees. The archipelago numbers eleven different species in six different genera, belonging to the groups Borassoid and Arecoid. We will start with one we already mentioned, Acanthophoenix rubra (synonyms: Areca rubra, Areca crinita, Acanthophoenix crinita, Calamus verschaffeltii) called ‘palmiste rouge' on Reunion and ‘palmiste épineux' or ‘barbel palm' on Mauritius. It grows a solitary trunk up to twelve meters (thirty-six feet) high with an enlarged basis. The leaves sheaths are very spiny, the spikes can reach eleven cm and one must be very careful when handling them, those sheaths are reddish hence the name on Reunion. Palms are of the ‘classical' kind, with an extended rachis and pinnas (or leaflets) regularly attached on both sides at horizontal level. Fruits come in large bunch and are quite tiny and black. It is endemic to both Reunion and Mauritius. Dictyosperma album (=Areca alba, Areca borbonica, Linoma alba, Dictyosperma furfuraceum, Dictyosperma album var. furfuraceum, Dictyosperma rubrum)Image is the ‘palmiste blanc' or ‘princess palm', ‘hurricane palm'. This one will reach twenty meters high and though having a rather thin trunk about sixteen cm in diameter it will nonetheless withstand cyclones hence its colloquial name, it is endemic to all three islands but again not found in the wild as the heart is appreciated. As it is also quite handsome and void of spines it is also used as ornamental. Latania lontaroides (= Cleophora lontaroides, Latania borbonica, L. commersonii, L. rubra, L. plagaecoma), the ‘latanier rouge' or ‘latanier de la Réunion' is endemic to Reunion island, it used to be very much spread but has been cut down by the first settlers who used the trunks for houses and the leaves as tiles .Image It will grow to twelve meters and displays larges leaves are palmate and reddish when young while the petioles are bright red. It is a dioecious which means that there are male trees and female trees, the later bear cluster of spherical fruits the size of a small apple, bright green, with an edible though tasteless flesh. The seeds are rather big and when old the albumen becomes very hard and has the colour and aspect of ivory, it can therefore be used for jewellery or other workmanship. There are tow other species of Latania on the archipelago, L. loddigesii (= L. glaucophylla, Chamaerops excelsior, Cleophora dendroformis), endemic to Mauritius, quite rare. The ‘latanier bleu, latanier de Maurice or latanier de l'île ronde' grows to fifteen meters and has glaucous leaves which base is covered with thick white wool. The last and third is L. verschaffeltii (= L. aurea) which is endemic to the tiny island of Rodriguez. The ‘latanier jaune or latanier de Rodrigue' is now very rare in its natural setting. It grows to twelve meters and the young leaves are yellowish green and petioles are bright orange. Now, some real treat for the connoisseurs, Tectiphiala ferox, the ‘palmiste bouclé' is a rarity, it grows only on Mauritius, at altitudes between 500 and 650 m, in humid and acid areas and numbered about thirty trees in 1984. It has such specific growing requirements that it probably is not found much outside of Mauritius. It grows to some two to nine meters (depending the source) and has long black spines that can be curled (hence the name, ‘frisé' means curled). And now some better known ones, the Hyophorbe which genus numbers five species only, all endemics to the area. We will start with Hyophorbe verschaffeltii (= Areca verschaffeltii, Mascarena verschaffeltii), the ‘palmiste marron' comes from Rodriguez Island where it grows at low elevations on calcareous soils. It is grown on Reunion, Mauritius and other places as ornamental. It has a grey trunk up to five or six meters with a strange shape as it gets thinner in the upper part just like if is was upside down. Hyophorbe indica (= Areca lutescens, H. commersoniana) is endemic to the sole island of Reunion and is still found in the wild, its local name of ‘palmiste poison' should explain why...It grows to eight meters and may develop stilt roots at the basis, it does not have any special feature except the bright orange or red beaked fruits the size of a prune. Next comes Hyophorbe lagenicaulis (= Mascarena lagenicaulis, M. revaughanii) that is better known because it is grown as ornamental in many countries worldwide. This ‘palmiste bouteille, palmiste gargoulette or bottle palm' indeed develops a funny shaped trunk up to five meters which looks like a bottle, more or less round depending on the age of the plant. It also has intriguing twisted fronds (leaves). It comes from Round Island which is off the shores of Mauritius and has been prized since a long time. Hyophorbe amaricaulis is an other very rare species from Mauritius, a single plant remaining in a botanical garden at Curepipe. The fifth and last one is Hyophorbe vaughanii also native to Mauritius is almost extinct in the wild but grown for ornamental purposes as it displays orange flowering and red fruits on a trunk up to ten meters high.Image

Image I am not a palm tree specialist so there may be a few mistakes or missing data but this will anyway give an overview of some handsome plants of the Mascareignes. And remember that if you come and visit you will be able to enjoy fresh palm cabbage either raw as salad or turned in a variety of recipes. For more information on Mascareignes archipelago, see this article.


  About Jean-Jacques Segalen  
Jean-Jacques SegalenI am a Parisian born professional horticulturist specialized in tropical seeds producing, set on Reunion island (just between Mauritius and Madagascar) 17 years ago. I spend a lot of time gathering seeds in the wild, the ones I do not grow that is. Also a dedicated Tai-Chi practitioner and tree climber!

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Subject: Bactris gasipaes


Posted by girikaduru (from battramulla
(Sri Lanka)) on October 23, 2008 at 4:58 AM:

Is bactris gaspeas Kunt grown in Reunion. If so is it for commercal purposes or domestic plants. If it is comercial what are the products available

Giri

...

Posted by jjacques (from LE TAMPON
(Reunion (French))) on October 23, 2008 at 7:57 AM:

Hi,
I do not think this palm is grown here, if it is it would be only in collector's garden.
JJ

...

Posted by girikaduru (from battramulla
(Sri Lanka)) on October 23, 2008 at 11:56 PM:

Thank you very much for your prompt action
Giri

...

Posted by jjacques (from LE TAMPON
(Reunion (French))) on October 25, 2008 at 1:21 AM:

No problem. Do you grow this palm in Sri-Lanka?
JJ

...

Subject: Enjoyed reading your article..Thanks !

Posted by stemar (from Saint-Pierre
(Reunion (French))) on September 18, 2008 at 12:53 PM:

Wow !.......didn't think anyone spoke english on Reunion.

We landed here 9 months ago, hoping to improve our French.........it's not working !

We have a palm tree at the back of our apartment, I think it's the one in the top/right photo of your article.
It dropped it's seed's not long after we'd arrived, so I planted a few out of intrest.........we now have 3 "baby palm tree's" !

I will place them in big pot's soon, until the time we move out of town and find a house with a garden !

Enjoyed the Nosy Be article also........we hope to visit next year.

Thanks Again,

Steven & Maria.

...

Posted by jjacques (from LE TAMPON
(Reunion (French))) on September 18, 2008 at 11:54 PM:

Hi Steven and Maria
Ah come on, some people here speak English all right and some also speak French;)) If you are here for some time do contact me, I am in Le Tampon and would be delighted to help you improve your French (if you help me improve my English...) my wife would also enjoy it as she teaches English at the nearby college and we don't often get a chance to meet English-speaking people unless we travel to Australia or South-Africa. My phone number is 0262 57 33 30
A bientôt!
Jean-Jacques

...

Subject: our artical on Palm trees

Posted by hettibot (from Gampaha
(Sri Lanka)) on September 14, 2008 at 8:56 PM:

Hay! I am fom SriLanka.Your artical!, It's interesting. In my country , the palm heart of Cocos nucifera is caled "Polboda". We eat it raw.It's very delicious.It is used in salads and curries also. The palm Cocos nucifera ia also known as "KAP RUKA" which means "a multi purpose tree".

...

Posted by jjacques (from LE TAMPON
(Reunion (French))) on September 15, 2008 at 7:40 AM:

Hi
I do not know Sri Lanka but I guess we have rather similat climate and plants. We also eat Polboda raw, either in chunks or grated, very good indeed but also rare and expensive!

...

Subject: Are the fruits edible?

Posted by gloria125 (from Greensboro, AL) on September 7, 2008 at 9:47 AM:

Good morning Jean-Jacques!

Another article that makes me want to pack my suitcase!

You mentioned the fresh palm cabbage. We know about coconuts and palm oil.

Is there any other edible products that the palms produce?

...

Posted by jjacques (from LE TAMPON
(Reunion (French))) on September 7, 2008 at 10:10 AM:

Hi Gloria (good afternoon here, it is 6pm)
There are many edible things from palm trees, sugar, fermented beverages (from beer to hard booze) but I know little on the subject. So far the most edible part I ever tasted was the cabbage, either from our two endemic edible species of from coconut tree, this one is lesser often offered as coconuts take much longer to grow and are not (here anyway) as available but the cabbage as a nice coco flavor.

...

Posted by gloria125 (from Greensboro, AL) on September 7, 2008 at 10:21 AM:

Wow. Kids would like that!

I bet it has a lot of super nutrients in it, too.

...

Posted by jjacques (from LE TAMPON
(Reunion (French))) on September 8, 2008 at 9:01 AM:

Well, not only kids I tell you! I do not know what it contains but certainly only good stuff, all coconut trees are organic here...

...

Posted by gloria125 (from Greensboro, AL) on September 8, 2008 at 2:40 PM:

You live in another world Jean-Jacques. Organic is hard to find in rural Alabama.

And we don't have any coconuts.

We have these though. Huge green inedible fruits!

They are called "Hedge apple" or "Osage Orange".

...

Posted by gloria125 (from Greensboro, AL) on September 8, 2008 at 2:43 PM:

Here is a photo of the fruit.

...

Posted by jjacques (from LE TAMPON
(Reunion (French))) on September 8, 2008 at 11:37 PM:

I do believe you, there is a hell of a gap between Reunion and Alabama...
I know this osage tree, there was one in a wood close to Paris where I lived and I was very intrigued, I later discovered what it was and that Indians used to make bows with the wood.

...

Posted by gloria125 (from Greensboro, AL) on September 9, 2008 at 8:04 AM:

Yes. The wood is red and very dense. They use it for bows, and around here there are wood carvers who make it into old fashioned bowls - bread bowls for raising bread.

It gets a lot of cracks though so you have to fill the gaps with epoxy-sawdust. I don't know how healthy that is.

There were used as hedgerows here back in the 1830s. I have them along my driveway which is the property line with the neighbor. The only disadvantage is that at 150 years they get heavy and fall over - usually in my direction! They have 1/1/2 inch thorns that flatten tires.

They have a lot of personality for a tree!

...

Posted by jjacques (from LE TAMPON
(Reunion (French))) on September 9, 2008 at 8:41 AM:

Hum, they don't really sound like the kind of tree I would happily be frolicking in!
The topic of tree personality could trigger a pretty nice thread I believe.

...

Posted by gloria125 (from Greensboro, AL) on September 9, 2008 at 2:53 PM:

For frolicking it would not be good. The thorns are 1/1/2 inches long and readily pierce clothing and tires.

...

Posted by jjacques (from LE TAMPON
(Reunion (French))) on September 9, 2008 at 11:40 PM:

Wooh, so a thornproof suit is needed on top of the climbing gear...

...

Posted by gloria125 (from Greensboro, AL) on September 10, 2008 at 8:00 AM:

I have to trim some now that have grown branches out over the driveway. Im not sure what to wear. Maybe some leather gauntlets up the arms.

...

Posted by jjacques (from LE TAMPON
(Reunion (French))) on September 10, 2008 at 10:49 AM:

I would suggest the iron armour middle-aged style with reinforcment made of used up truck tires, this should do the trick and use a saw with a long extension handle just in case;)). I sometimes have to prune bougainvillea and learnt to be extremely cautious with those thorns, they can ruin the whole day and even leave memories for a long time, beware!

...

Posted by gloria125 (from Greensboro, AL) on September 10, 2008 at 10:53 AM:

The extension saw may be what I need. I was trying to figure out how to get in there with my chain saw. Ill give that a try!

Thanks for the tips from an expert!

...

Posted by jjacques (from LE TAMPON
(Reunion (French))) on September 10, 2008 at 12:34 PM:

Actually I use several 'extended' tools which are fantastic; a telescopic pruner on which a hand-saw can be adapted, a bag with a metal blade to harvest big fruits like avocadoes and mangoes and the last one is a 'cueille-fleur' or flower picker, a telescopic tool ending with a small pruner which will cut and hold things with the aid of two plastic jaws, this one is fantastic, you can reach flowers or (for me!) dry fruits for seeds very precisely and they will not fall and end in the wrong place...Some people here who do not like to climb trees also use extended chainsaw, they are good but only for small branches because of the size of the engine and saw.
Being called an expert feels always so nice even if you are not a real one;))

...

Posted by gloria125 (from Greensboro, AL) on September 10, 2008 at 4:32 PM:

oh. when i saw the article on tree climbing - you were the Expert!

I do have the extended pruner so Ill see if that will cut the limbs. The wood is pretty hard, but the most cutt-able when it is green.

We do have an instrument called a "pecan picker". It has a long handle and a wire basket shaped end about the size of a 1 litre bottle. You just twist a little and you can get figs with it. Or pears. It picks pecans up off the ground so you don't have to bend over.

...

Posted by jjacques (from LE TAMPON
(Reunion (French))) on September 11, 2008 at 8:23 AM:

Clever tool than your pecan picker, sure is handy for out of reach fruits but bending is good to keep your waist supple!

...

Posted by gloria125 (from Greensboro, AL) on September 11, 2008 at 9:50 AM:

I can tell that by looking at your waist, Jean-Jaques!

...

Posted by jjacques (from LE TAMPON
(Reunion (French))) on September 11, 2008 at 1:12 PM:

;))

...

Posted by gloria125 (from Greensboro, AL) on September 11, 2008 at 1:53 PM:

Ha Ha.

...

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